INTERVIEW RESPONSE: Travel & Sustainability Expert
Topic: Factors Influencing Environmental Degradation in Halong Bay Due to Tourism
Interviewee: Dr. Pham Ha – Founder & CEO, LuxGroup; Investor; Travel and Sustainability Expert
1. Can you describe your connection to Halong Bay and your experience with tourism activities there?
As a specialist in sustainable and luxury tourism, I have been actively engaged in the development of heritage-inspired cruises and cultural experiences in Halong Bay for over a decade. My work focuses on curating meaningful itineraries that connect travelers with the natural and cultural richness of the bay, while upholding environmental responsibility. I also work closely with local authorities, communities, and international partners to promote sustainable tourism practices and advocate for long-term conservation strategies.
2. In your opinion, what are the main factors contributing to environmental degradation in Halong Bay?
Several interconnected factors contribute to the bay’s degradation:
- Overtourism during peak seasons overwhelms ecological and infrastructural limits.
- Unregulated construction of hotels, ports, and other facilities disrupts coastal ecosystems.
- Marine and land-based pollution from outdated boat engines, untreated wastewater, and poor waste management.
- Weak enforcement and fragmented governance dilute the impact of existing regulations.
- Short-term tourism models prioritize quantity over quality, often sidelining sustainability and local inclusion.
3. How do you evaluate the role of government policy and regulation in managing tourism in Halong Bay?
Policies such as zoning and master planning provide a foundation, and initiatives like limiting new cruise licenses and piloting electric boats are commendable. However, enforcement remains inconsistent, and local political-economy dynamics often hinder implementation. A stronger integration of sustainability principles into tourism policy, coupled with consistent environmental monitoring and strict penalties for violations, is essential.
4. What is your opinion on infrastructure development (hotels, ports, roads) around Halong Bay? Has it been sustainable?
Development has been rapid, but not always sustainable. Coastal construction frequently encroaches on sensitive areas, often without proper environmental assessments. The visual impact of large concrete structures compromises the bay’s aesthetic integrity. There is a pressing need for eco-sensitive zoning, height restrictions, and incentives for green architecture.
5. Can you describe any unsustainable tourism practices that you’ve observed in Halong Bay?
Yes. Concerning practices include:
- “Zero-dollar” tours that encourage cost-cutting and environmental neglect.
- Boats idling engines, contributing to noise, air, and water pollution.
- Excessive use of single-use plastics.
- Harmful tourist behaviors like feeding wildlife or collecting coral.
- Operators bypassing environmental fees or waste treatment obligations.
6. Do you think there is awareness among tourists and tour operators about environmental sustainability?
Awareness is growing, especially among international, high-end travelers seeking responsible experiences. Some operators have adopted sustainable practices, achieved eco-certifications, and invested in education and carbon offsetting. However, awareness among domestic and budget travelers remains low. Broad-based awareness campaigns and incentives are key to shifting behavior.
7. What are some positive practices or initiatives that you’ve seen in Halong Bay related to sustainable tourism?
Notable efforts include:
- The introduction of electric and hybrid boats.
- Community-based tourism in villages like Vung Vieng and Cua Van.
- Waste collection drives involving NGOs, local governments, and tourists.
- The “Green Halong” campaign, focused on plastic reduction and education.
- Operators achieving certifications like Travelife, setting new environmental standards.
8. How has tourism affected the local community in Halong Bay?
Tourism has brought economic benefits, including jobs and infrastructure. However, it has also led to cultural dilution, rising living costs, and the decline of traditional livelihoods like fishing. Benefits are unevenly distributed. A more inclusive tourism approach—empowering local voices and ensuring fair value sharing—is essential.
9. What recommendations would you make to improve sustainable tourism practices in Halong Bay?
- Set and enforce clear visitor and cruise carrying capacities.
- Invest in green infrastructure—electric boats, renewable energy, smart waste systems.
- Ensure consistent enforcement of environmental laws, with transparent audits.
- Educate tourists through orientation, signage, and campaigns.
- Incentivize certified sustainable businesses.
- Engage communities in planning, training, and co-creating experiences.
- Develop a unified Sustainable Tourism Management Plan aligning all stakeholders.
10. Is there anything else you would like to add regarding environmental protection and tourism in Halong Bay?
Halong Bay is not only a Vietnamese treasure but a global one. Preserving it is a collective duty. Sustainable tourism offers an opportunity—not a constraint—to elevate Halong Bay as a world-class green destination delivering ethical, unforgettable experiences. If we act strategically and collaboratively now, we can ensure this iconic landscape thrives for generations to come.
